A child’s early years are marked by several developmental milestones. An important milestone has to do with speech and language development. Before we go on, it’s worth knowing the difference between speech and language. Simply put, speech refers to the way we form sounds and words, while language refers to the broader aspect of communication, which can be verbal, nonverbal, or written. As with other milestones, the exact age at which children start talking can vary. However, knowing about the broad markers helps parents know whether or not they are dealing with speech delays and if speech therapy may be required.

To ascertain whether or not what you are dealing with is a speech delay, it is important to look at typical speech development milestones.

Speech Development Milestones

Age	Typical Milestones
12 months	Babbling
18 months	Uses small words, points to familiar objects.
2 years	Is able to combine words to make short phrases
3 years	Speaks in short sentences
4 years	Uses full sentences. Even unfamiliar listeners can ascertain what is being said.

Common Causes of Speech Delays in Children

There are several common causes that can result in speech delays for children. These largely include:

1. Problems with hearing

Hearing is an important aspect when it comes to speech formation. A child who cannot hear properly typically struggles to speak. If the child does not react to loud sounds or to his name being called, this could be a warning sign of a problem with his or her hearing.

2. Oral Impairment

Issues with the tongue or palate, or a short frenulum, which refers to the fold beneath the tongue, can also affect tongue movement and hence limit speech.
An oral-motor dysfunction is yet another cause of delayed speech. This essentially results from a problem in the area of the brain responsible for speech. Simply put, the child is unable to control the muscles that are required for speech. Some signs that the child may be facing this dysfunction include trouble in swallowing and chewing as well as excessive drooling.

3. Autism

Children on the autism spectrum often face difficulty speaking. Besides delayed speech, some of the other signs of autism include not making eye contact, repetitive movements, and limited nonverbal communication.

4. Environmental Factors

Occasionally, an environment that does not allow many opportunities for interaction can also cause speech delays. Consider settings with little attention to the child or a lot of screen time. In environments such as these, there is limited exposure to language and hence poor language development.

5. Psychological Factors

Any trauma experienced by the child can also lead to regression in speech or general reluctance when it comes to social interaction.

When to Seek Help

Should the child not meet the speech development markers based on their age, it is advisable to seek professional help. If you experience delayed milestones, a visit to your pediatrician will be helpful, as he could guide you to the right professional, depending on his diagnosis. For a detailed assessment of speech and language, you should consult a speech-language pathologist. Speech therapy can go a long way in improving the ability to talk and express their needs.

In case the child’s primary doctor suspects a hearing issue, he will guide you to an audiologist. Similarly, a pediatric neurologist can be referred to for the child’s overall developmental screening. If there is a need for sensory and motor integration therapy, an occupational therapist can be of help.

The professionals will also guide you to ensure that you continue to engage with the child at home. Talking to the child about daily routines, reading together, playing games, asking open-ended questions, and singing songs can all help the child.

To Sum Up

Speech delays are often seen in children. The key is to act on the warning signs and consult a professional without giving in to delays or panic. Early intervention can make a world of difference, as can your consistent efforts.
Do stay tuned to this space for more such informative content. At Footprints Play School, we are committed to the holistic development of our children and to their inclusive growth.

FAQs

1. What is the difference between speech and language development?
   Speech refers to the ability to form sounds and words, while language encompasses broader communication, which is verbal, nonverbal, and written.
2. At what age should my child start talking?
   Milestones vary, but typically:
   • 12 months: Babbling
   • 18 months: Uses small words, points to objects.
   • 2 years: Combines words into short phrases.
   • 3 years: speak in short sentences.
   • 4 years: Uses full sentences that are understood by unfamiliar listeners.
3. What are common signs of speech delay in toddlers?
   Lack of babbling, limited vocabulary, difficulty forming sentences, or being difficult to understand by age 3-4 may indicate a delay.
4. Can hearing problems cause speech delays?
   Yes. If a child doesn’t respond to loud sounds or their name, it could signal hearing issues affecting speech development.
5. What is oral-motor dysfunction, and how does it affect speech?
   It’s a condition where children struggle to control the mouth muscles needed for speech. Signs include drooling, trouble chewing, or swallowing.
6. How does autism impact speech and communication?
   Children on the autism spectrum may have delayed speech, limited eye contact, repetitive behaviors, and reduced nonverbal communication.
7. Can too much screen time delay speech?
   Yes. Environments with limited interaction or excessive screen exposure can hinder language development due to reduced verbal engagement.
8. When should I seek professional help for speech delay?
   If your child isn’t meeting age-appropriate speech milestones, consult a pediatrician. They may refer you to a speech-language pathologist or other specialists.
9. What therapies are available for children with speech delays?
   Speech therapy, occupational therapy (for motor integration), and developmental screenings by pediatric neurologists or audiologists may be recommended.
10. How can I support my child’s speech development at home?
    Talk about daily routines, read together, play interactive games, ask open-ended questions, and sing songs to encourage verbal engagement.